tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-59776552350648034592024-02-06T20:57:24.218-08:00Haplogroup R1bHaplogroup R1b1a2:
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism test: Positive for the following SNPs: P25+ M343+ M269+ M207+ M173+;
Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded
throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial period ended approximately 10-12
thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger130125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-80608774764196425762018-04-06T19:41:00.001-07:002018-04-06T20:04:09.634-07:00Norman Roman Templar Genes - Haplogroup R-M269 - R1b1a1a2 - DYS464X: 15c-15c-17c-17g<div style="background-color: white; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><b>Norman Roman Templar Genes - Haplogroup R-M269 - R1b1a1a2 - DYS464X: 15c-15c-17c-17g</b></span></span></div>
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<b style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br />Haplogroup R-M269</b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">, also known as </span></span><b style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">R1b1a1a2</b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">, is a sub-clade of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">human Y-chromosome haplogroup</a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">. It is of particular interest for the </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"> of </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">. It is defined by the presence of SNP marker </span></span><b style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">M269</b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">. R-M269 has been the subject of intensive research; it was previously also known as R1b1a2 (2003 to 2005), R1b1c (2005 to 2008), and R1b1b2 (2008 to 2011)</span></span></div>
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R-M269 is the most common European haplogroup, greatly increasing in frequency on an east to west gradient (its prevalence in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Poland">Poland</a> estimated at 22.7%, compared to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wales">Wales</a> at 92.3%). It is carried by approximately 110 million European men (2010 estimate).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-balaresque_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269#cite_note-balaresque-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup>The age of the mutation M269 is estimated at roughly 4,000 to 10,000 years ago, and its sub-clades can be used to trace the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Neolithic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="European Neolithic">Neolithic expansion</a> into Europe as well founder-effects within <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_Europe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="People of Europe">European populations</a> due to later (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age</a>) migrations.</div>
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The frequency is about 92% in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wales">Wales</a>, 82% in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, 70% in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, 68% in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spain">Spain</a>, 60% in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="France">France</a> (76% in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>), about 60% in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, 53% in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Italy">Italy</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Myres2010_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269#cite_note-Myres2010-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> 45% in Eastern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="England">England</a>, 50% in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Germany">Germany</a>, 50% in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, 42% in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, and 43% in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. It is as high as 95% in parts of Ireland. It is also found in some areas of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, where its frequency peaks at 10% in some parts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> M269 has likewise been observed among 8% of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_people" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herero people">Herero</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>.</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><b>EXACT MATCH</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Wales 3.3%</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Spain 2.9% </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">France 2.8% </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Scotland 2.7% </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">United Kingdom 2.3% </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Portugal 2.1% </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Northern Ireland 2.1% </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Ireland 2% </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Canada 3.6%</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">United States 2.3%</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Australia 3.2%</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Cuba 4.5%</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Colombia 2.8% </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Brazil 2.7%</span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-1930288197609461152018-03-21T01:26:00.001-07:002018-03-21T01:27:54.729-07:00Local Sydney Bayside Council breaking 'General' parking rules... Breaking Road and Safety rules...<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "source serif pro", serif; font-size: 21px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 3.2rem; margin-top: 3.2rem; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: white;">Local Sydney <strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bayside Council</strong> breaking <strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">'General' </strong>parking rules... Breaking <strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Road and Safety</strong> rules...</span></div>
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;">General parking rules:</span></strong></div>
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<span style="color: white;">You must not stop your vehicle (that is, bring it to a stop and either stay with the vehicle or leave it parked) in the following circumstances:</span></div>
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<strong style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: white;">On or across a driveway or footpath</span></strong></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roads/safety-rules/road-rules/parking.html" rel="nofollow noopener" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank"><span style="color: white;">http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/roads/safety-rules/road-rules/parking.html</span></a></strong></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-83545579015673328792018-03-19T00:26:00.001-07:002018-03-19T00:26:22.895-07:00Haplogroup U5 (mtDNA) Indigenous Nordic Sami & Finnish Peoples. Fennoscandia.<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 19px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em;">
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">U5a1a</span><ul style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em;">
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">U5a1a1:</span> found mostly in northern, central and eastern Europe and in Central Asia (Uzbekistan) / found in the Afanasievo and Yamna cultures and in Chalcolithic <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Germany</span> (Bell Beaker)<ul style="box-sizing: inherit; list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.5em;">
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">U5a1a1a:</span> found in <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Poland</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">U5a1a1b:</span> found in <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Sweden</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">U5a1a1c:</span> found in <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Sweden</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">U5a1a1d:</span> found in the <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">British Isles and Scandinavia</span></li>
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<li style="box-sizing: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">U5a1a2:</span> found in <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">England, Scandinavia, Central Europe</span> and <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Turkey </span> / found in Chalcolithic <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Germany</span> (Bell Beaker)</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">HVR1 MATCHES</span></div>
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<tr class="ng-scope" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td class="ng-binding" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Austria</span></td><td class="ng-binding ng-scope" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;">1</td><td class="ng-binding ng-scope" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;">1346</td><td class="ng-binding ng-scope" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;">0.1%</td><td class="ng-binding" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;"></td></tr>
<tr class="ng-scope" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td class="ng-binding" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Germany</span></td><td class="ng-binding ng-scope" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;">1</td><td class="ng-binding ng-scope" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;">16134</td><td class="ng-binding ng-scope" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;">< 0.1 %</td><td class="ng-binding" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;"></td></tr>
<tr class="ng-scope" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><td class="ng-binding" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Italy</span></td><td class="ng-binding ng-scope" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;">2 (my wife)</td><td class="ng-binding ng-scope" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;">5046</td><td class="ng-binding ng-scope" style="border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: inherit; padding: 8px;">< 0.1 %</td></tr>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Siculo-Norman Hauteville dynasty</span><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Hauteville-la-Guichard</div>
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<span class="style3" style="box-sizing: inherit;">Sanctuary of the Holy Bed</span></div>
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<div class="style2 style4 style4" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
Parish church dedicated to the cult of the Holy Cross of Christ. Ecclesial complex, seat of the Monastery of S. Stefano, of Norman origin (about 11th to 12th century).</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">South German (Swabian) Hohenstaufen.</span><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Charlemagne’s family is known to have hailed from Swabia. The Welf (Azzolina) family went on to rule in Bavaria and Hanover, and are ancestral to the British Royal Family that has ruled since 1714.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Norman/Germanic Heritage</span> through Sicily, Italy at <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Santo Stefano di Camastra, Messina</span>, Sicily, Italy. Constantinople – Constantinople was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine, and also of the brief Latin, and the later Ottoman empires. Thrace is a geographical and historical area in southeast Europe, now split between Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey, which is bounded by the Balkan Mountains to the north, the Aegean Sea to the south and the Black Sea to the east.</div>
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Haplogroup U5 is found throughout Europe with an average frequency ranging from 5% to 12% in most regions. U5a is most common in north-east Europe and U5b in northern Spain. Nearly half of all Sami and one fifth of Finnish maternal lineages belong to U5. Other high frequencies are observed among the Mordovians (16%), the Chuvash (14.5%) and the Tatars (10.5%) in the Volga-Ural region of Russia, the Estonians (13%), the Lithuanians (11.5%) and the Latvians in the Baltic, the Dargins (13.5%), Avars (13%) and the Chechens (10%) in the Northeast Caucasus, the Basques (12%), the Cantabrians (11%) and the Catalans (10%) in northern Spain, the Bretons (10.5%) in France, the Sardinians (10%) in Italy, the Slovaks (11%), the Croatians (10.5%), the Poles (10%), the Czechs (10%), the Ukrainians (10%) and the Slavic Russians (10%). Overall, U5 is generally found in population with high percentages of Y-haplogroups I1, I2, and R1a, three lineages already found in Mesolithic Europeans. The highest percentages are observed in populations associated predominantly with Y-haplogroup N1c1 (the Finns and the Sami), although N1c1 is originally an East Asian lineage that spread over Siberia and Northeast Europe and assimilated indigenous U5 maternal lineages.</div>
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The Sami people (also known as the Sámi or the Saami) are a Finno-Ugric people inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses large parts of Norway and Sweden, northern parts of Finland, and the Murmansk Oblast of Russia. The Sami have historically been known in English as the Lapps or the Laplanders, but these terms can be perceived as derogatory. Sami ancestral lands are not well-defined. Their traditional languages are the Sami languages and are classified as a branch of the Uralic language family.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Sápmi</span>, in English commonly known as the now-pejorative term <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Lapland</span>, is the cultural region traditionally inhabited by the Sami people, traditionally known in English as Lapps. Sápmi is located in Northern Europe and includes the northern parts of <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Fennoscandia</span>. The region stretches over four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. On the north it is bounded by the Barents Sea, on the west by the Norwegian Sea and on the east by the White Sea.<span class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 14.25px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Sápmi:</span> 63,831–107,341<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Norway:</span> 37,890–60,000<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Sweden:</span> 14,600–36,000<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Finland:</span> 9,350<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Russia:</span> 1,991<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" /><span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Ukraine:</span> 136</div>
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<img alt="Fennoscandia" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-8549" data-attachment-id="8549" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Fennoscandia" data-large-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/fennoscandia.png?w=1060?w=612" data-medium-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/fennoscandia.png?w=1060?w=275" data-orig-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/fennoscandia.png?w=1060" data-orig-size="612,668" data-permalink="https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/2018/03/18/haplogroup-u5-mtdna-indigenous-nordic-sami-finnish-peoples-fennoscandia/fennoscandia/" sizes="(max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px" src="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/fennoscandia.png?w=1060" srcset="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/fennoscandia.png 612w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/fennoscandia.png?w=137 137w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/fennoscandia.png?w=275 275w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 36px; margin-top: 36px; max-width: 100%;" /></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/2010-ydna-migration-map.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #117bb8; transition: all 0.1s ease-in;" title="2010-ydna-migration-map"><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />2010-ydna-migration-map</a></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/mt_migrationmap.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #117bb8; transition: all 0.1s ease-in;" title="mt_migrationmap">mt_migrationmap</a></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/my_ftdna_mt_dna_certificate.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #117bb8; transition: all 0.1s ease-in;" title="My_FTDNA_MT_DNA_Certificate">My_FTDNA_MT_DNA_Certificate</a></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/my_ftdna_y_dna_snp_certificate.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #117bb8; transition: all 0.1s ease-in;" title="My_FTDNA_Y_DNA_SNP_Certificate">My_FTDNA_Y_DNA_SNP_Certificate</a></span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/my_ftdna_y_dna_str_certificate.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #117bb8; transition: all 0.1s ease-in;" title="My_FTDNA_Y_DNA_STR_Certificate">My_FTDNA_Y_DNA_STR_Certificate</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/2018/03/18/haplogroup-u5-mtdna-indigenous-nordic-sami-finnish-peoples-fennoscandia/">https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/2018/03/18/haplogroup-u5-mtdna-indigenous-nordic-sami-finnish-peoples-fennoscandia/</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-91644369851996051272018-03-19T00:24:00.000-07:002018-03-19T00:24:03.842-07:00Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA) Western European – Bretons Brittonic Romano-British culture<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_1235256028"></a><br />
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<img alt="hg-r1b" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-8556" data-attachment-id="8556" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="hg-r1b" data-large-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/hg-r1b.jpg?w=1060?w=790" data-medium-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/hg-r1b.jpg?w=1060?w=300" data-orig-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/hg-r1b.jpg?w=1060" data-orig-size="790,162" data-permalink="https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/2018/03/18/haplogroup-r1b-y-dna-western-european/hg-r1b/" sizes="(max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px" src="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/hg-r1b.jpg?w=1060" srcset="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/hg-r1b.jpg 790w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/hg-r1b.jpg?w=150 150w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/hg-r1b.jpg?w=300 300w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/hg-r1b.jpg?w=768 768w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 36px; margin-top: 36px; max-width: 100%;" /></div>
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R1b is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe, reaching over <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">80% of the population in Ireland, the Scottish Highlands, western Wales, the Atlantic fringe of France, the Basque country and Catalonia.</span> It is also common in Anatolia and around the Caucasus, in parts of Russia and in Central and South Asia. Besides the Atlantic and North Sea coast of Europe, hotspots include the Po valley in north-central Italy (over 70%), Armenia (35%), the Bashkirs of the Urals region of Russia (50%), Turkmenistan (over 35%), the Hazara people of Afghanistan (35%), the Uyghurs of North-West China (20%) and the Newars of Nepal (11%). R1b-V88, a subclade specific to sub-Saharan Africa, is found in 60 to 95% of men in northern Cameroon.</div>
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<img alt="Haplogroup_R1b_World" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-8555" data-attachment-id="8555" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Haplogroup_R1b_World" data-large-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/haplogroup_r1b_world.png?w=1060?w=1024" data-medium-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/haplogroup_r1b_world.png?w=1060?w=300" data-orig-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/haplogroup_r1b_world.png?w=1060" data-orig-size="2133,1245" data-permalink="https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/2018/03/18/haplogroup-r1b-y-dna-western-european/haplogroup_r1b_world/" sizes="(max-width: 1060px) 100vw, 1060px" src="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/haplogroup_r1b_world.png?w=1060" srcset="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/haplogroup_r1b_world.png?w=1060 1060w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/haplogroup_r1b_world.png?w=2120 2120w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/haplogroup_r1b_world.png?w=150 150w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/haplogroup_r1b_world.png?w=300 300w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/haplogroup_r1b_world.png?w=768 768w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/haplogroup_r1b_world.png?w=1024 1024w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 36px; margin-top: 36px; max-width: 100%;" /></div>
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<img alt="early_middle_bronze_europe" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-8559" data-attachment-id="8559" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="early_middle_bronze_europe" data-large-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/early_middle_bronze_europe.png?w=1060?w=720" data-medium-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/early_middle_bronze_europe.png?w=1060?w=300" data-orig-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/early_middle_bronze_europe.png?w=1060" data-orig-size="720,600" data-permalink="https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/2018/03/18/haplogroup-r1b-y-dna-western-european/early_middle_bronze_europe/" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" src="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/early_middle_bronze_europe.png?w=1060" srcset="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/early_middle_bronze_europe.png 720w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/early_middle_bronze_europe.png?w=150 150w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/early_middle_bronze_europe.png?w=300 300w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 36px; margin-top: 36px; max-width: 100%;" /></div>
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<img alt="Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-8571" data-attachment-id="8571" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns" data-large-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/map_gallia_tribes_towns.png?w=1060?w=787" data-medium-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/map_gallia_tribes_towns.png?w=1060?w=295" data-orig-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/map_gallia_tribes_towns.png?w=1060" data-orig-size="787,799" data-permalink="https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/2018/03/18/haplogroup-r1b-y-dna-western-european/map_gallia_tribes_towns/" sizes="(max-width: 787px) 100vw, 787px" src="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/map_gallia_tribes_towns.png?w=1060" srcset="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/map_gallia_tribes_towns.png 787w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/map_gallia_tribes_towns.png?w=148 148w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/map_gallia_tribes_towns.png?w=295 295w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/map_gallia_tribes_towns.png?w=768 768w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 36px; margin-top: 36px; max-width: 100%;" /></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Gaul</span> (Latin: <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Gallia</i>) was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine. It covered an area of 494,000 km<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 14.25px; line-height: 0; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">2</span> (191,000 sq mi). According to the testimony of Julius Caesar, Gaul was divided into three parts: Gallia Celtica, Belgica and Aquitania. Archaeologically, the Gauls were bearers of the La Tène culture, which extended across all of Gaul, as well as east to Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia and southwestern Germania during the 5th to 1st centuries BC. During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Gaul fell under Roman rule: Gallia Cisalpina was conquered in 203 BC and Gallia Narbonensis in 123 BC. Gaul was invaded after 120 BC by the Cimbri and the Teutons, who were in turn defeated by the Romans by 103 BC. Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of Gaul in his campaigns of 58 to 51 BC.</div>
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Roman control of Gaul lasted for five centuries, until the last Roman rump state, the Domain of Soissons, fell to the Franks in AD 486. While the Celtic Gauls had lost their original identities and language during Late Antiquity, becoming amalgamated into a Gallo-Roman culture, <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Gallia</i> remained the conventional name of the territory throughout the Early Middle Ages, until it acquired a new identity as the Capetian Kingdom of France in the high medieval period. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Gallia</i> remains a name of France in modern Greek (Γαλλία) and modern Latin (besides the alternatives <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Francia</i> and <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Francogallia</i>).</div>
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The <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Bretons</span> are an ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. They trace much of their heritage to groups of Brittonic speakers who immigrated from southwestern Great Britain, particularly Cornwall and Devon, to expand their territory onto the continent. They also descend in some parts from Vikings. They migrated in waves from the 3rd to 9th century (most heavily from 450–600) into Armorica, which was subsequently named Brittany after them. the Bretons are Celtic Britons.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">Indigenous Britons</span></div>
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<img alt="800px-Roman.Britain.Romanisation" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-8583" data-attachment-id="8583" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="800px-Roman.Britain.Romanisation" data-large-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/800px-roman-britain-romanisation.jpg?w=1060?w=800" data-medium-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/800px-roman-britain-romanisation.jpg?w=1060?w=283" data-orig-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/800px-roman-britain-romanisation.jpg?w=1060" data-orig-size="800,847" data-permalink="https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/2018/03/18/haplogroup-r1b-y-dna-western-european/800px-roman-britain-romanisation/" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" src="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/800px-roman-britain-romanisation.jpg?w=1060" srcset="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/800px-roman-britain-romanisation.jpg 800w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/800px-roman-britain-romanisation.jpg?w=142 142w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/800px-roman-britain-romanisation.jpg?w=283 283w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/800px-roman-britain-romanisation.jpg?w=768 768w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 36px; margin-top: 36px; max-width: 100%;" /></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">EXACT MATCHEXACT MATCH</span><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Wales 3.4%</div>
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;">GENETIC DISTANCE -1</span><br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Wales 11.2%<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />France 10.6%</div>
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<img alt="Britonia6hcentury" class="alignnone size-large wp-image-8574" data-attachment-id="8574" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Britonia6hcentury" data-large-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/britonia6hcentury.png?w=584&h=1024" data-medium-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/britonia6hcentury.png?w=171" data-orig-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/britonia6hcentury.png" data-orig-size="800,1403" data-permalink="https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/2018/03/18/haplogroup-r1b-y-dna-western-european/britonia6hcentury/" height="1024" sizes="(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px" src="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/britonia6hcentury.png?w=584&h=1024" srcset="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/britonia6hcentury.png?w=584&h=1024 584w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/britonia6hcentury.png?w=86&h=150 86w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/britonia6hcentury.png?w=171&h=300 171w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/britonia6hcentury.png?w=768&h=1347 768w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/britonia6hcentury.png 800w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 36px; margin-top: 36px; max-width: 100%;" width="584" /></div>
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
Map of Briton settlements in the 6th-century, including what became Brittany and Britonia (in Spain). The Culture of <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Brittany</em> is made up of Breton culture, and Celtic culture. <em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Brittany’s</em> strongest international connections tend to be in the United Kingdom, particularly in the Celtic groups of Cornwall and Wales, and in Canada.</div>
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<img alt="9120853_f496.jpg" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-8582" data-attachment-id="8582" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="9120853_f496" data-large-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/9120853_f496.jpg?w=1060?w=496" data-medium-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/9120853_f496.jpg?w=1060?w=300" data-orig-file="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/9120853_f496.jpg?w=1060" data-orig-size="496,350" data-permalink="https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/2018/03/18/haplogroup-r1b-y-dna-western-european/9120853_f496/" sizes="(max-width: 496px) 100vw, 496px" src="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/9120853_f496.jpg?w=1060" srcset="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/9120853_f496.jpg 496w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/9120853_f496.jpg?w=150 150w, https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/9120853_f496.jpg?w=300 300w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 36px; margin-top: 36px; max-width: 100%;" /></div>
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/my_ftdna_y_dna_str_certificate.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #117bb8; transition: all 0.1s ease-in;" title="My_FTDNA_Y_DNA_STR_Certificate">My_FTDNA_Y_DNA_STR_Certificate</a></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/mt_migrationmap.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #117bb8; transition: all 0.1s ease-in;" title="mt_migrationmap">mt_migrationmap</a></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/my_ftdna_mt_dna_certificate.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #117bb8; transition: all 0.1s ease-in;" title="My_FTDNA_MT_DNA_Certificate">My_FTDNA_MT_DNA_Certificate</a></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/my_ftdna_y_dna_snp_certificate.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #117bb8; transition: all 0.1s ease-in;" title="My_FTDNA_Y_DNA_SNP_Certificate">My_FTDNA_Y_DNA_SNP_Certificate</a></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #404040; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 400; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700;"><a href="https://racitidesigns.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/my_ftdna_y_dna_str_certificate.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #117bb8; transition: all 0.1s ease-in;" title="My_FTDNA_Y_DNA_STR_Certificate">My_FTDNA_Y_DNA_STR_Certificate</a></span></div>
</h1>
<a href="https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/2018/03/18/haplogroup-r1b-y-dna-western-european/">https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/2018/03/18/haplogroup-r1b-y-dna-western-european/</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-78022369583654919892017-05-02T14:53:00.000-07:002017-05-02T14:53:03.139-07:00@userscreens at facebook.com<b>User Screens on Facebook</b><br />
<br />
Look up @userscreens at facebook.com<br />
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/userscreens/"><b>https://www.facebook.com/userscreens/</b></a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEv_C_J7LsUR7Mordco_zbdRgiPWUEH8gmHHpOLZgPfJvjgGzEQqHUG7sIZsLGsQFFUwPZL28xPk535Wg9ndT-RFbsF6yC_5l-LfocggMIOvtBmd5OttxcDkBWZEDvBVj5R9DNEkshY5nI/s1600/logo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEv_C_J7LsUR7Mordco_zbdRgiPWUEH8gmHHpOLZgPfJvjgGzEQqHUG7sIZsLGsQFFUwPZL28xPk535Wg9ndT-RFbsF6yC_5l-LfocggMIOvtBmd5OttxcDkBWZEDvBVj5R9DNEkshY5nI/s320/logo.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-33146201141852573092017-04-26T03:12:00.003-07:002017-04-26T03:28:42.188-07:00AncestryDNA’s Genetic Communities are Finally Here!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1SEgOudibOQycUrTeo-FxuReLPsq8MlgtzJNWaoer7DQel011qQDX1F3LFFYODCLs7yvWUAokdB-I_bs9_pB_MQVoJDPZiK7-mbXp_4uufLWD6GIdcCu49WhWyHsnjmLXcOivw9cGVfYt/s1600/Haplogroup_R1b-borders.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1SEgOudibOQycUrTeo-FxuReLPsq8MlgtzJNWaoer7DQel011qQDX1F3LFFYODCLs7yvWUAokdB-I_bs9_pB_MQVoJDPZiK7-mbXp_4uufLWD6GIdcCu49WhWyHsnjmLXcOivw9cGVfYt/s320/Haplogroup_R1b-borders.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2017/03/28/ancestrydnas-genetic-communities-are-finally-here/">http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2017/03/28/ancestrydnas-genetic-communities-are-finally-here/</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-66031896677200462822017-04-26T03:10:00.001-07:002017-04-26T03:10:26.972-07:00Famous R1b individuals<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #2B5B6F; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="color: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">Famous R1b
individuals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="color: #3e6487; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="R1b-P310"></a><b><span style="color: #3e6487; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">R1b-L11 branch<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="color: #3e6487; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f">
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alt="John Adams, second U.S. president" style='width:75pt;height:75pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg"
o:title="John Adams, second U.S"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">The <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/public/adams/default.aspx?section=yresults" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Adams Surname Y-DNA Project</span></a> compared
the Y-DNA of 15 families that have an oral history of being related to the US
Presidents <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">John Adams</span></b></a> (second
president of the United States) and his son <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">John Quincy Adams</span></b></a> (6th president).
All the men tested share the same haplotype that falls into the S6849 (aka
FGC2389) subclade, downstream of R1b-S1200.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #3e6487; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #3e6487; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">R1b-U106 branch
(Germanic)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #3e6487; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3"
o:spid="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://cache.eupedia.com/images/design/Louis_XVI.jpg"
style='width:75pt;height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ejhg2013211a.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Larmuseau et al. (2013)</span></a> tested
the Y-DNA of three living members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">House of Bourbon</span></a>, one descending from Louis
XIII of France via King Louis Philippe I, and two from Louis XIV via Philip V
of Spain. They concluded that all three men share the same STR haplotype and
belonged to haplogroup <b>R1b-U106 (Z381* subclade)</b>. These results
contradict earlier studies by <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20940110" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Laluez-Fo et al. (2010)</span></a>, who had analysed the
DNA from a handkerchief dipped in the presumptive blood of Louis XVI after his
execution, as well as by <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20940110" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Charlier et al. (2012)</span></a>, who tested the DNA of
the severed head which allegedly belonged to Henry IV of France. Both of these
studies had identified the remains as belonging to haplogroup G2a. <b>All
kings of France</b> being descended in patrilineal line from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Strong" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Robert the Strong</span></a> (820-866), unless a
non-paternity event happened some time before Louis XIII, it can be assumed
that all kings of France belonged to the same R1b-Z381 lineage. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">House of Bourbon</span></a> also includes all the <b>kings
of Spain</b> from Philip V (1683-1746) to this day with King Juan Carlos,
all the <b>kings of the Two Sicilies</b>, the <b>grand dukes of
Luxembourg</b> since 1964, and of course all the dukes or Orléans and the dukes
of Bourbon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4"
o:spid="_x0000_i1044" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Leopold I, King of the Belgians"
style='width:75pt;height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">The lineage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wettin" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">House of Wettin</span></a> was identified as <b>R1b-U106
(Z381 > Z156 > Z305 > DF98+ branch)</b> by the testing of two
known descendants of the Wettin line by <a href="http://the-kings-son.com/royal_haplogroup" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Brad Michael Little</span></a>. The results confirmed
that the two men, who share a common ancestor in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Francis, Duke of
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</span></a>, possess the same haplogroup and haplotype.
Members of the House of Wettin include the Kings Edward VII, George V, Edward
VIII and George VI of the United Kingdom, all the Kings of the Belgians, the
Kings of Portugal from 1853 to 1910, the Kings of Bulgaria from 1887 to 1946,
several Kings of Poland and Grand Dukes of Lithuania, the Margraves of Meissen
from 1075 to 1423, the Electors of Saxony from 1423 to 1806, the Kings of
Saxony from 1806 to 1918, and the rulers of the numerous smaller Saxon duchies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5"
o:spid="_x0000_i1043" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="James K. Polk" style='width:75pt;
height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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o:title="James K"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">James K. Polk</span></b></a> (1795-1849), the 11th
president of the United States, was a member of <b>L48</b> subclade
based on the results from the <a href="http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/polk/results" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Polk-Pollock DNA Project</span></a>. He was a descendant
of William Polk/Pollock (c. 1700-1757).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_6"
o:spid="_x0000_i1042" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Ulysses S. Grant" style='width:75pt;
height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg"
o:title="Ulysses S"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">According to the <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/public/GRANT/default.aspx?section=yresults" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Grant DNA Project</span></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Ulysses S. Grant</span></b></a> (1822-1885), the
18th President of the United States and the military commander of the American
Civil War, belonged to the <b>Z159</b> subclade of R1b-U106,
downstream of L47.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7"
o:spid="_x0000_i1041" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="James D. Watson" style='width:75pt;
height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="James D"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">The two first human
beings to have their whole genome sequenced, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Watson" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">James D. Watson</span></b></a>, the co-discoverers of the
structure of DNA, and biologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Venter" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Craig Venter</span></b></a>both happen to be members of
Y-DNA haplogroup <b>R1b-S21 (U106)</b>, although they belong to distinct
subclades (Z30, downstream of Z9 for Watson, and L45, downstream of L47 for
Venter). Though both are American citizens, their patrilineal ancestors are
respectively Scottish and German.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="R1b-L21"></a><b><span style="color: #3e6487; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">R1b-L21 branch
(Atlantic Celtic)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="color: #3e6487; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8"
o:spid="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="King Charles I of England & Scotland"
style='width:75pt;height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg"
o:title="King Charles I of England & Scotland"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">According to the <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Stewart/default.aspx?section=news" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Stewart Stuart DNA Project</span></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Stuart" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">House of Stuart</span></b></a>, who ruled Scotland from
1371, then also England and Ireland from 1603 until 1707, belongs to the S781
branch of <b>R1b-L21</b>, downstream of DF13 and L744.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9"
o:spid="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="James Buchanan" style='width:75pt;
height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg"
o:title="James Buchanan"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">The <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Buchanan/default.aspx?section=yresults" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Buchanan DNA Project</span></a> confirmed
that the 15th President of the United States, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">James Buchanan</span></b></a> (1791-1868) was a
descendant of the Scottish Clan Buchanan, and as such belonged to the <b>CTS11722</b> subclade
of R1b-L21, downstream of L1335.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10"
o:spid="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="William Ewart Gladstone"
style='width:75pt;height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg"
o:title="William Ewart Gladstone"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">William Ewart Gladstone</span></b></a> (1809-1898),
a British Liberal politician who served a record four times as Prime Minister
under Queen Victoria, belonged to R1b-L21 based on a <a href="http://www.eupedia.com/forum/threads/30152-British-PM-William-Gladstone-belonged-to-R1b-L21" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">comparison</span></a> of his
genealogy with the results from Gladstone DNA Project.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11"
o:spid="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Joseph Smith Jr." style='width:75pt;
height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg"
o:title="Joseph Smith Jr"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">The analysis of his
descendants's Y-chromosomal DNA confirmed that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Joseph Smith</span></b></a> (1805-1844), the founder
of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement, belonged to haplogroup
R1b-M222.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_12"
o:spid="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Che Guevara" style='width:75pt;
height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg"
o:title="Che Guevara"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">The <a href="http://forum.molgen.org/index.php?topic=1415.0;wap2" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">forensic analysis</span></a> of the skeletal remains
of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Che Guevara</span></b></a> (1928-1967), the
Argentine Marxist revolutionary and major figure of the Cuban Revolution,
revealed that he belonged to haplogroup R1b-L21.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="R1b-U152"></a><b><span style="color: #3e6487; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">R1b-U152 branch
(Italo-Celtic)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="color: #3e6487; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13"
o:spid="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Emperor Charles V of Habsburg"
style='width:75pt;height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg"
o:title="Emperor Charles V of Habsburg"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">Based on the data
from the <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/public/habsburgfamilyproject/default.aspx?section=yresults" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Habsburg Family Project</span></a>,
there is a high likelihood that the haplogroup of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">House of Habsburg</span></b></a> was <b>R1b-U152
(L2+ branch)</b>. The Habsburg originated in the eponymous village in northern
Switzerland. They first became Kings of the Romans in 1273, obtained the title
of Duke of Austria. The Habsburgs provided all the Holy Roman Emperors but one
from 1440 until the dissolution of the empire in 1806. The Habsburgs retained
the title of Emperor of Austria, then Austro-Hungary until 1918. Their dynasty
also ruled over Spain, Naples, Tuscany, Parma and Milan, among others. Check
also <a href="http://www.eupedia.com/forum/showthread.php?25236"><span style="color: #2d3f49;">Haplogroups of European kings and queens</span></a> for
mtDNA lines of many Habsburg family members.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_14"
o:spid="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="George Washington" style='width:75pt;
height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg"
o:title="George Washington"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">The first President
of the United States, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">George Washington</span></b></a> (1732-1799) may
well have belonged to the <b>L2</b> subclade of U152. This deduction
is based on the results from the <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/public/washington/default.aspx?section=yresults" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Washington DNA Project</span></a>.
George Washington's ancestors hailed from Oxfordshire, and before that from
Lancashire. Washington is a relatively rare surname and was originally
distributed exactly in those two regions according to the <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/public/washington/default.aspx?section=yresults" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">1881 survey</span></a>. All project
members with ancestry confirmed in those regions share the same haplotype,
hinting at a common paternal ancestry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_15"
o:spid="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Abraham Lincoln" style='width:75pt;
height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.jpg"
o:title="Abraham Lincoln"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Abraham Lincoln</span></b></a> (1809-1865), the 16th
president of the United States, appears to have belonged to <b>R1b-S20376</b> (U152>L2>Z142>Z150>S20376).
The <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/public/Lincoln/default.aspx?section=yresults" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Lincoln DNA Project</span></a> tested
several descendants from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Lincoln" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Samuel "the weaver" Lincoln</span></a>, who was
Abraham Lincoln's great-great-great-great-grandfather, and they all share the
same haplotype.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_16"
o:spid="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Grover Cleveland" style='width:75pt;
height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg"
o:title="Grover Cleveland"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Grover Cleveland</span></b></a> (1837-1908), the
22nd and 24th president of the United States, could have belonged to <b>R1b-L20</b>,
a subclade of L2, based on the numerous results from the <a href="http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/cleveland/results" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Cleveland DNA Project</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="other_R1b"></a><b><span style="color: #3e6487; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">Undetermined R1b
branch<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EEEEEE; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="color: #3e6487; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_17"
o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Casimir I the Restorer" style='width:75pt;
height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.jpg"
o:title="Casimir I the Restorer"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">Professor Tomasz
Kozłowski tested the Y-DNA of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_III_of_Masovia" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Prince Janusz III of Masovia</span></a>, Duke of Czersk,
Warsaw, Liw, Zakroczym and Nur. He was a direct descendent of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_dynasty" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Piast Dynasty</span></b></a>, the first historical
dynasty ruling over Poland, starting with Prince Mieszko I (c. 930–992) and
ending in 1370 with the death of King Casimir III the Great. The Piast family
continued to rule over the Duchy of until 1526 and the Duchy of Silesia until
1675. Prof. Kozłowski announced that the prince belonged to haplogroup R1b, and
therefore probably also other members of that royal lineage, including all the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Masovia" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Dukes of Masovia</span></a>(1138-1526), as long as no
non-paternity event took place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_18"
o:spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://cache.eupedia.com/images/design/Copernicus.jpg"
style='width:75pt;height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg"
o:title="Copernicus"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/07/06/0901848106.abstract" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Bogdanowicza et al. (2009)</span></a> tested
the Y-chromosomal DNA and mitochondrial DNA of the exhumed remains of the
Renaissance astronomer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Nicolaus Copernicus</span></b></a>. They established that
he belonged to Y-haplogroup R1b and mt-haplogroup H.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_19"
o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Tsar Nicholas II of Russia"
style='width:75pt;height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.jpg"
o:title="Tsar Nicholas II of Russia"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/02/26/0811190106.abstract" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6a4657;">Rogaev et al. (2009)</span></a> tested
the DNA of the presumed grave of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Tsar Nicholas II of Russia</span></b></a> and all
his five children, and compared them against archival blood specimens from
Nicholas II as well as against samples from descendants of both paternal and
maternal lineages. The results unequivocally confirmed that the grave was the
one of the last Russian Royal family. Nicholas II belonged to Y-haplogroup R1b
and mt-haplogroup T2. Consequently, all Russian emperors of the Romanov dynasty
since Peter III (1728-1762) also belonged to haplogroup R1b. This paternal
lineage ultimately descends from the <a href="http://www.eupedia.com/forum/showthread.php?25231"><span style="color: #2d3f49;">House of Oldenburg</span></a>, which includes all the
Kings of Denmark since Christian I (reigned from 1448) as well as several Kings
of Norway, Sweden and Greece, and the current heirs to the British throne
(Prince Charles and his son Prince William).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_20"
o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://cache.eupedia.com/images/design/US_presidents.gif"
style='width:75pt;height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif"
o:title="US_presidents"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">Quite a few U.S.
Presidents had their haplogroups deducted from descendant testing. Among those
whose R1b subclade remains to be determine, we find <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Zachary Taylor</span></b></a> (12th), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Franklin Pierce</span></b></a> (14th), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">William McKinley</span></b></a> (25th), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Woodrow Wilson</span></b></a> (28th).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_21"
o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Charles Darwin" style='width:75pt;
height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.jpg"
o:title="Charles Darwin"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">The great English
naturalist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Charles Darwin</span></b></a> (1809-1882),
who proposed the scientific theory of evolution and the process of natural
selection, was a member of haplogroup R1b according to the test results from
his great-great-grandson.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_22"
o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Kevin Bacon" style='width:75pt;
height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.jpg"
o:title="Kevin Bacon"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon" target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Kevin Bacon</span></b></a> (b. 1958), an American
actor and musician whose films include musical-drama film Footloose (1984), the
controversial historical conspiracy legal thriller JFK (1991), the legal drama
A Few Good Men (1992), the historical docudrama Apollo 13 (1995), and the
mystery drama Mystic River (2003). Bacon has won a Golden Globe Award and three
Screen Actors Guild Awards, and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. The
Guardian named him one of the best actors never to have received an Academy
Award nomination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_23"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Robert Downey Jr. speaking at the 2014 San Diego Comic Con International, for "
style='width:75pt;height:75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Jane/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.jpg"
o:title="Robert Downey Jr"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.6pt; margin-right: 7.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #454545; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">The American actor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr." target="_blank"><b><span style="color: #6a4657;">Robert John Downey Jr.</span></b></a> (b. 1965) had
his Y-haplogroup was revealed by the PBS television series Finding Your Roots.
He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor and won him the BAFTA
Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in the movie Chaplin (1992), and won a
Golden Globe Award for his role in the TV series Ally McBeal. He is also known
for portraying the role of Marvel Comics superhero Iron Man.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-14089606576444629542017-04-26T02:54:00.000-07:002018-03-09T21:18:28.297-08:00DNA hunters has opened Viking grave in NormandieNormandie, France.Professor Emeritus at the University of Oslo, Per Holck, (T. H.) and Andaine Seguin Orlando by DNA lab Centre for Geogenetics at the University of Copenhagen was Monday in Normandy and opened the graves of two of the Viking leader Rollo of Normandy their descendants..Photo. Vegard Strømsodd/Explico / NTB scanpix<br />
<br />
POSTED BY: TOR INGAR OESTERUD 2. MARCH 2016<br />
<br />
Norwegian researchers have finally got to open the tomb of the Viking leader Rollo’s descendants. They will find out whether Rollo was the same Rollo as Rollo from Møre. In that case the British royal family originated from Norway.<br />
<br />
A Norwegian-led delegation was in Normandy on Monday and opened the sarcophagus of two of Rollo’s descendants. The aim is to put an end to a centuries-long debate: Was Rollo Danish or Norwegian?<br />
<br />
– We have been working to get this investigated in about seven years, so to finally get collected material to test DNA was huge historian and project initiator Sturla Ellingvåg of the foundation Explico said.<br />
<br />
Rollo was the founder of Normandy, Count of Rouen and great great great grandfather of William the Conqueror, who is the ancestor of the English royal house. While Norwegian-Icelandic historical documents and historians have argued since the Snorre Sagas that Rollo and Rollo are one and the same person, the Danish historians believed that he came from Denmark. Rollo, the son of Rognvald was exiled from Norway and was said to have settled in France.<br />
<br />
Plucked out teeth<br />
<br />
In January the French authorities and the French church granted the Norwegian application to open the tomb of Rollo’s grandson and great-grandson, Duke Richard the fearless and son Duke Richard the good. The tomb is a sarcophagus in the floor of a monastery in Fécamp. When they opened the grave Monday, researchers found, among other things, a lower jaw with eight teeth in the tomb of Richard the good:<br />
<br />
– The key is to find teeth, for the DNA of the teeth may, even all these years, be sufficent for a DNA analysis. Two forensic experts from Norway and Denmark snatched five of his teeth and those teeth are now being sent to the Institutes of Forensic Medicine in both of the countries for analysis, Chairman of Samlerhuset and The Norwegian Mint, Ole Bjørn Fausa says.<br />
<br />
A result of the analysis will probably be available in the autumn and will be presented in cooperation with the French authorities. So it remains to be seen whether the results indicates Denmark or Norway.<br />
<br />
The small sarcophagi at first glance looks like they only accommodate toddlers, but Fausa explains:<br />
<br />
– When they were buried in a floor, it was a matter of space. The most important thing was to preserve the skeleton. We do not know how this was done here, but it was common to either cut the bodies into pieces or boil them so the meat loosened from the bones. This meant that the the sarcophagus didn’t have to be longer than a femur, which is the longest bone in the body, Fausa says.<br />
<br />
Rare event<br />
<br />
Fausa describes the atmosphere at the tomb as an amazing experience:<br />
<br />
– As far as we know this is only the second time since the war that a king’s tomb has been opened in France. Just being a part of it, and find the skeletons in there, it was exciting, solemn and unreal at the same time.<br />
<br />
In the work process, he also found that he is a 35th generation descendant of Rollo.<br />
<br />
– Of course it enhances this experience, to know that this was my ancestors, Fausa says.<br />
<br />
If Rollo and Rollo proves to be the same person, it will be of historical significance:<br />
<br />
– If the British royal family originates from the northwest coast it will, among other things, change the notion that the Norwegian royal family is young, with origins from the British and Danish, says Fausa.<br />
<br />
Source: NTB scanpix / Norway Today<br />
<br />
<a href="http://norwaytoday.info/culture/dna-hunters-unopened-viking-grave-in-normandie/">http://norwaytoday.info/culture/dna-hunters-unopened-viking-grave-in-normandie/</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-53302902283388949702017-04-26T02:35:00.001-07:002017-04-26T02:35:39.269-07:00Ötzi the Iceman: Researchers validate the stability of genetic markers<dt style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; color: #333333; float: left; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.42857; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 5px; text-align: right; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; width: 70px;">Date:</dt>
<dd id="date_posted" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-left: 90px; padding-bottom: 5px;">February 16, 2017</dd>
<dt style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; color: #333333; float: left; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.42857; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 5px; text-align: right; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; width: 70px;">Source:</dt>
<dd id="source" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-left: 90px; padding-bottom: 5px;">Saarland University</dd>
<dt style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; color: #333333; float: left; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.42857; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 5px; text-align: right; text-overflow: ellipsis; white-space: nowrap; width: 70px;">Summary:</dt>
<dd id="abstract" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 90px; padding-bottom: 5px;">Biomarkers are biological attributes that can give doctors or researchers clues about the health status or illnesses of a patient. Scientists are placing great hope in a new type of biomarker, so-called microRNAs. These short ribonucleic acid molecules are notable for their very high level of stability. Researchers have now established that such microRNAs can remain stable even after 5,300 years.</dd><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuTfWG_mVjnTNg5MjRPW73LsyoBAznQwxJuepjADNoXFEM9NNT5ahF9uLzQ5fE7pWp8IJzag6Xpd_kJu9FMSDysSTin6hiK4KIPFkeA6H78k-eSpuqlIOBWE6Ui36vk39b9yB_gA2e5uXe/s1600/170216094511_1_540x360.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuTfWG_mVjnTNg5MjRPW73LsyoBAznQwxJuepjADNoXFEM9NNT5ahF9uLzQ5fE7pWp8IJzag6Xpd_kJu9FMSDysSTin6hiK4KIPFkeA6H78k-eSpuqlIOBWE6Ui36vk39b9yB_gA2e5uXe/s320/170216094511_1_540x360.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<dd id="abstract" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.42857; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 90px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><br /></dd><div class="hyphenate" id="story_photo" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 15px; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;">
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Researchers found short ribonucleic acid molecules (microRNA) even in mummies like Oetzi.</div>
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<em style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box;">Credit: Andreas Keller, Saarland University</em></div>
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They have found the molecules in the well-known glacier mummy "Ötzi." A number of facts have been scientifically proven about the glacier mummy, known as "the Iceman" or "Ötzi," found in the Ötztal Alps (South Tyrol) in 1991. Through imaging techniques, we know about degeneration in his lumbar spine and a fatal arrow wound in his left shoulder. DNA analyses showed that Ötzi was lactose intolerant, and had brown eyes and blood type 0. Now a study of Ötzi's microRNAs has also been completed. MicroRNAs are very small pieces of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and play a central role in the regulation of genes.</div>
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Although these molecules are very stable in tissues, prior to this study it was unclear whether they could still be found in human tissues after thousands of years. Therefore, Professors Andreas Keller and Eckart Meese of Saarland University, Stephanie Kreis of the University of Luxembourg, and Professor Albert Zink and Frank Maixner of Eurac Research in Bozen took on the challenge. They analyzed not only tissue samples from the Iceman, but also those from a mummy of a soldier fallen in World War I. "Our investigation provides evidence that we can analyze microRNA even after thousands of years," explains Andreas Keller, Professor of Clinical Bioinformatics at Saarland University, who coordinated the study.</div>
<div style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
The scientists took samples from Ötzi's skin, stomach, and stomach contents. "It was a challenge to extract this genetic material in significant quantities and sufficient quality from the mummified tissue samples, and to measure and quantify it with the newest, very precise methods," reports Stephanie Kreis, who isolated the microRNAs at the University of Luxembourg. Some molecules were found that were present predominantly in the ancient tissues. Conversely, some of the biomarkers that are well-known today were not found in Ötzi. According to Professor Zink from Eurac Research, the microRNAs are the next important class of molecules from Ötzi to receive intensive examination.</div>
<div style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
Professor Meese, head of the Institute of Human Genetics at Saarland University, claims that the stability of these biomarkers is also important for people today. "It is vital for clinical applications," explains Meese. "It's evident that the potential of microRNA is much greater than we previously thought. We still don't know enough about how these molecules influence specific genes, entire gene families, or biochemical reaction pathways. When we investigate this further, it's possible microRNAs will become new stars in therapy. Until then, however, there is a lot more work to do," concludes Professor Keller.</div>
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Materials provided by <a href="http://www.uni-saarland.de/nc/en/home.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c7a9f; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><strong style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box;">Saarland University</strong></a>. <em style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box;">Note: Content may be edited for style and length.</em></div>
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<strong style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box;">Journal Reference</strong>:</div>
<ol class="journal" style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding-left: 20px;">
<li style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding-left: 5px;">Andreas Keller, Stephanie Kreis, Petra Leidinger, Frank Maixner, Nicole Ludwig, Christina Backes, Valentina Galata, Gea Guerriero, Tobias Fehlmann, Andre Franke, Benjamin Meder, Albert Zink, Eckart Meese. <strong style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box;">miRNAs in ancient tissue specimens of the Tyrolean Iceman</strong>. <em style="border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box;">Molecular Biology and Evolution</em>, 2016; msw291 DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw291" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; border-radius: 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c7a9f; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">10.1093/molbev/msw291</a></li>
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<a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/02/170216094511.htm">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/02/170216094511.htm</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-61201635097859662512017-04-26T02:29:00.003-07:002017-04-26T02:29:39.346-07:00<h2>
Irish DNA originated in Middle East and eastern Europe</h2>
Genome analysis shows mass migration of Stone Age farmers from Fertile Crescent and Bronze Age settlers from eastern Europe was foundation of Celtic population<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<figure class="media-primary media-content() " data-component="image" data-media-id="739208e382fe614415b886f21214c5ac479f908e" id="img-1" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Guardian Text Egyptian Web", Georgia, serif; margin: 0px; position: relative;"><figcaption class="caption caption--main caption--img" itemprop="description" style="color: #767676; font-family: "Guardian Text Sans Web", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; font-size: 0.75rem; line-height: 1rem; max-width: none; min-height: 1.75rem; padding: 0.5rem 0px 1.5rem;">Excavated near Belfast in 1855, the bones of this farmer had lain in a Neolithic tomb chamber for 5,000 years. Her DNA has now been sequenced. Photograph: Daniel Bradley, Trinity College Dublin</figcaption></figure><br />
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Scientists from Dublin and Belfast have looked deep into Ireland’s early history to discover a still-familiar pattern of migration: of stone age settlers with origins in the Fertile Crescent, and bronze age economic migrants who began a journey somewhere in eastern Europe.</div>
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The evidence has lain for more than 5,000 years in the bones of a woman farmer unearthed from a tomb in Ballynahatty, near Belfast, and in the remains of three men who lived between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago and were buried on Rathlin Island in County Antrim.</div>
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Scientists at Trinity College Dublin used a technique called whole-genome analysis to “read” not the unique characteristics of each individual, but a wider history of ancestral migration and settlement in the DNA from all four bodies.</div>
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They confirm a picture that has been emerging for decades from archaeological studies. Migrant communities did not compete with the original Irish. They became the Irish.</div>
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The ancestors of the Stone Age farmers began their journey in the Bible lands, where agriculture first began, and arrived in Ireland perhaps via the southern Mediterranean. They brought with them cattle, cereals, ceramics and a tendency to black hair and brown eyes.</div>
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These settlers were followed by people, initially from the Pontic steppe of southern Russia, who knew how to mine for copper and work with gold, and who carried the genetic variant for a blood disorder called <a class="u-underline" data-link-name="in body link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11551098" style="background: transparent; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220); color: #005689; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none !important; touch-action: manipulation; transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out;">haemochromatosis, a hereditary genetic condition </a>so common in Ireland that it is sometimes called Celtic disease.</div>
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These people also brought with them the inherited variation that permits the digestion of milk in maturity – much of the world becomes intolerant to the milk sugar lactose after infancy – and they may even have brought the language that became what is now Irish. Some of them, too, had blue eyes.</div>
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<figure class="element element-video fig--has-shares fig--narrow-caption" data-canonical-url="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1ffyUFRURk" data-component="video-inbody-embed" style="color: #333333; font-family: "guardian text egyptian web", georgia, serif; margin: 1rem 0px 0.75rem; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><figcaption class="caption caption--img" style="color: #767676; font-family: "Guardian Text Sans Web", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, "Lucida Grande", sans-serif; font-size: 0.75rem; line-height: 1rem; max-width: 32.5rem; padding-bottom: 0.5rem; padding-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5rem; top: 100%;">Geneticists from Trinity College Dublin, and archaeologists from Queens University Belfast, speak about their discoveries.</figcaption></figure><div style="color: #333333; font-family: "guardian text egyptian web", georgia, serif;">
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“There was a great wave of genome change that swept into Europe from above the Black Sea into Bronze Age Europe and we now know it washed all the way to the shores of its most westerly island,” said Dan Bradley, professor of population genetics at Trinity College Dublin.</div>
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“And this degree of genetic change invites the possibility of other associated changes, perhaps even the introduction of language ancestral to western Celtic tongues.”</div>
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The Dublin team and colleagues from Queens University Belfast report in the <a class="u-underline" data-link-name="in body link" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1518445113" style="background: transparent; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220); color: #005689; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none !important; touch-action: manipulation; transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out;">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> that the two great changes in European prehistory – the emergence of agriculture and the advance of metallurgy – were not just culture shifts: they came with new blood. An earlier population of hunter gatherers was successively overwhelmed by new arrivals. And in Ireland, these new settlers began to define a nation.</div>
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“These findings,” the authors say, “suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 years ago.”</div>
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Working from the principle that any human DNA tells a story not just of individual identity but of ten thousand years of ancestry, researchers have begun to piece together the entire story of <em>Homo sapiens</em>. The story is incomplete, and under constant revision, but the outline of the settlement of Europe and Asia told by DNA confirms and illuminates the archaeological evidence.</div>
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Modern humans arrived in the British Isles relatively late after the end of the Ice Age. Evidence of early settlement in Ireland is sketchy and indirect: in 2013, researchers looked at the <a class="u-underline" data-link-name="in body link" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/04/genome-research-moving-story-editorial" style="background: transparent; border-bottom: 0.0625rem solid rgb(220, 220, 220); color: #005689; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none !important; touch-action: manipulation; transition: border-color 0.15s ease-out;">DNA of the Irish banded wood snail</a> and identified it as closely related to the species found in the French Pyrenees. The best explanation so far is that these snails may have arrived 8,000 years ago as the leftovers from the packed lunch, so to speak, of a much earlier community of European traders or migrants. Nobody can say who these people may have been, or why they arrived with a taste for escargots.</div>
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But the latest study throws more light on the birth of a nation. All three dead men from Rathlin Island carried what is now the most common type of Irish Y chromosome, inherited only from male forebears.</div>
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“It is clear that this project has demonstrated what a powerful tool ancient DNA analysis can provide in answering questions which have long perplexed academics regarding the origins of the Irish,” said Eileen Murphy, who lectures in osteoarchaeology at Queen’s in Belfast.</div>
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And Lara Cassidy, a researcher in genetics at Trinity College Dublin and another co-author, said “Genetic affinity is strongest between Bronze Age genomes and modern Irish, Scottish and Welsh, suggesting establishment of central attributes of the insular Celtic genome 4,000 years ago.”</div>
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<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/dec/28/origins-of-the-irish-down-to-mass-migration-ancient-dna-confirms">https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/dec/28/origins-of-the-irish-down-to-mass-migration-ancient-dna-confirms</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-45754681401722120652017-04-26T02:23:00.001-07:002017-04-26T02:23:34.322-07:00Celtic<div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px;">
Genetics is not linked to the Celtic languages, and the haplogroup r1b is also found in abundance in places where there is no record that they speak Celtic languages</div>
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" an investigation into the origins of the British issued today by scientists from the university of Oxford reveals that the celts belonged to more than a single gene pool.</div>
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The Research, published today in the journal "nature", it has been based on dna data of almost 2.000 adults who live near his four grandparen<span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;">ts in a rural area of various parts of the UK.</span></div>
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The Professor at the university of Oxford Mark Robinson stressed to the BBC that he's "very surprised" with the genetic differences that groups are presenting celts in Cornwall, England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland.</div>
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"at the beginning of the investigation I assumed there would be a genetic thread uniform among the celts from Cornwall to Wales or Scotland and, as evidenced by the survey, it has not been the case final", added Robinson.</div>
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Peter Donnelly, also a professor of the university, pointed out that, although the people of Cornwall have a Celtic descent, "genetically are much more similar to the people of any part of England, for example, the welsh". (... ) ":<br />The Celts belonged to more than a genetic group, according to a study, the vanguard, 18/03/2015: <a href="http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20150318/54429090620/los-celtas-pertenecian-a-mas-de-un-grupo-genetico-segun-un-estudio.html" rel="nofollow noopener" style="color: #365899; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.lavanguardia.com/…/los-celtas-pertenecian-a-mas-…</a></div>
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Map: the distribution of Haplogroup R1b The Y chromosome: <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogrupo_R1b_del_cromosoma_Y" rel="nofollow noopener" style="color: #365899; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogrupo_R1b_del_cromosoma_Y</a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC-dt7TVoVuhyphenhyphenUxt0f_l_9KuuIG487vXCjtfS4wZAtrdm53JNkbXXsBKfbR30d1NDn_yHPiw8q2vQVzyu7-HBrbAYDc1pglP3El17tokwe8Yd9siwPGWv7mh9Oia44-WTzCkmwLWWgi67a/s1600/17991850_10155144125622203_1793192410762883_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC-dt7TVoVuhyphenhyphenUxt0f_l_9KuuIG487vXCjtfS4wZAtrdm53JNkbXXsBKfbR30d1NDn_yHPiw8q2vQVzyu7-HBrbAYDc1pglP3El17tokwe8Yd9siwPGWv7mh9Oia44-WTzCkmwLWWgi67a/s320/17991850_10155144125622203_1793192410762883_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-16908181401632732062017-04-26T02:19:00.002-07:002017-04-26T02:19:35.217-07:00Khazars were the ancestors of the Ashkenazi...<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWezwFMIHPR-u8tIy_hM0CbA6t4Pm5vQXKoiv9Vu_exmqjB9d0lmPdGuhBPpjodYHAXsQwD4ooqjDqIMuv4jTgx082y_ighCMYpniMOu34Pnumf4iHyPEo3rx6PxtZwuJpLW6OTiFkcjQI/s1600/418390_10150584194098952_1145884364_n.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="93" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWezwFMIHPR-u8tIy_hM0CbA6t4Pm5vQXKoiv9Vu_exmqjB9d0lmPdGuhBPpjodYHAXsQwD4ooqjDqIMuv4jTgx082y_ighCMYpniMOu34Pnumf4iHyPEo3rx6PxtZwuJpLW6OTiFkcjQI/s320/418390_10150584194098952_1145884364_n.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">King Tut was a </span></span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Hebrew</span></span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">King Tur was likely descended from Anatolians, like his father who started the most famous monotheistic movement ever.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">In the sense that the khazars were the ancestors of the ashkenazi?</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-87048757734085065092016-01-15T21:43:00.000-08:002017-04-22T17:54:14.435-07:00Raciti Designs - User Experience Screen DesignRaciti Designs - User Experience Screen Design:
<a href="https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/design-portfolio/">https://racitidesigns.wordpress.com/design-portfolio/</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-2561579010316338532013-10-06T18:06:00.002-07:002013-10-06T18:06:20.939-07:00Nicholas II of RussiaNicholas II of Russia
Nicholas II of Russia has been predicted as having an R1b haplotype.
DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 439 389i 392 389ii 458 456 635 Y-GATA-H4 437 438 448
Alleles 13 24 14 10 11 14 11 13 13 29 17 16 24 12 15 12 19
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-44132578388154312322013-10-06T17:55:00.002-07:002013-10-06T17:55:47.599-07:00A common link between - Pharaoh Tutankhamun, Akhenaten and Amenhotep III & Nicholas II of Russia...A common link between - Pharaoh Tutankhamun, Akhenaten and Amenhotep III & Nicholas II of Russia... Ancient Greek & Roman DNA ties sharing R1b1a2...
The quest now to unlock L278...
https://image-store.slidesharecdn.com/9289c466-2ed7-11e3-8a48-22000aa40fde-original.png
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYyoiBWHHa8zkOP71IVAiHYk7K3NJ6yZa_ZAh6oh6qtg2CJohpkLCUr29yW0riMcr0_1DkW9KRY6koiYBQD20pkDVAm6cXuBIk_QLotfxI_y6ks6FA-RSWCY300ZeB7ePZL4nxwTolCNi4/s1600/r1b.png" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYyoiBWHHa8zkOP71IVAiHYk7K3NJ6yZa_ZAh6oh6qtg2CJohpkLCUr29yW0riMcr0_1DkW9KRY6koiYBQD20pkDVAm6cXuBIk_QLotfxI_y6ks6FA-RSWCY300ZeB7ePZL4nxwTolCNi4/s320/r1b.png" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-36427766912882680272013-10-06T17:47:00.002-07:002013-10-06T17:47:36.752-07:00Norman DNA - DYS464X 15c-15c-17c-17g - Ancient Greek & Roman DNA ties R1b1a2...Kings & Queens of England or Great Britain
James I (1566-1625) => R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)
Charles I (1600-1649) => T2 (mtDNA) ; R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)
Charles II (1630-1685) => H (mtDNA) ; R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)
James II (1633-1701) => H (mtDNA) ; R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)
Edward VII (1841-1910) => H (mtDNA) R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
George V (1865-1936) => T2 (mtDNA) R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Edward VIII (1894-1972) => R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
George VI (1895-1952) => R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh => H (mtDNA) ; R1b (Y-DNA)
Charles, Prince of Wales => R1b (Y-DNA)
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge => R30b (mtDNA) ; R1b (Y-DNA)
Kings & Queens of Denmark
All the Kings of Denmark since Christian I (reigned from 1448) belonged to haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)
Christian I (1426-1481)
John (1455-1513)
Christian II (1481-1559)
Frederick I
Christian III => T2 (mtDNA)
Frederick II
Christian IV => T2 (mtDNA)
Frederick III
Christian V
Frederick IV
Christian VI
Frederick V
Christian VII
Frederick VI => T2 (mtDNA)
Christian VIII => T2 (mtDNA)
Frederick VII
Christian IX (1818-1906)
Frederick VIII (1843-1912) => T2 (mtDNA)
Christian X (1870-1947)
Frederick IX (1899-1972)
Kings of Norway
Haakon VII (1872-1957) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Olav V (1903-1991) => T2 (mtDNA) ; R1b (Y-DNA)
Harald V (1937-) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Kings & Queens of Sweden
Christian I (1426-1481) => R1b (Y-DNA)
John (1455-1513) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Christian II (1481-1559) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Margraves, Dukes & Archdukes of Austria
Leopold I, Margrave of Austria (died 994) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Henry I, Margrave of Austria (died 1018) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Adalbert, Margrave of Austria (c. 985-1055) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Ernest, Margrave of Austria (1027-1075) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Leopold II, Margrave of Austria (1050-1095) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Leopold III, Margrave of Austria (1073-1136) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria, aka Leopold I, Duke of Bavaria (1108-1141) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Henry II, Duke of Austria, aka Henry XI, also Duke of Bavaria (1107-1177) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Leopold V, Duke of Austria (1157-1194) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Frederick I, Duke of Austria (c. 1175-1198) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Leopold VI, Duke of Austria (1176-1230) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Frederick II, Duke of Austria (1211-1246) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Kings & Queens of the Belgians
Leopold I (1790-1865) => H (mtDNA) R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Leopold II (1835-1909) => H9 (mtDNA) R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Albert I (1875-1934) => R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Leopold III (1901-1983) => R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Baldwin I (1930-1993) => R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Albert II (b. 1934) => R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Kings & Queens of Portugal
Pedro V (1837-1861) => H (mtDNA) R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Luís I (1838-1889) => H (mtDNA) R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Carlos I (1863-1908) => R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Manuel II (1889-1932) => R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Tsars & Empress of Russia
Romanov dynasty since Paul I => R1b (Y-DNA) :
Paul I (1754-1801)
Alexander I (1777-1825)
Constantine I (1779-1831)
Nicholas I (1796-1855)
Alexander II (1818-1881)
Alexander III (1845-1894)
Nicholas II (1868-1918) => T2 (mtDNA)
Kings & Queens of Greece
George I (1845-1913) => T2 (mtDNA) ; R1b (Y-DNA)
Constantine I (1868-1923) => R1b (Y-DNA)
Sophia of Prussia (1870-1932) => H (mtDNA)
Princess Alice of Battenberg (1885-1969) => H (mtDNA)
Alexander (1893-1920) => H (mtDNA) ; R1b (Y-DNA)
George II (1890-1947) => H (mtDNA) ; R1b (Y-DNA)
Tsars of Bulgaria
Ferdinand I (1861-1948) => R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Boris III (1894-1943) => R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Simeon II (b. 1937) => R1b-U106 (Z305+) (Y-DNA)
Kings & Queens of Scotland
James III (1451-1488) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Kings & Queens of Germany
Elisabeth of Bavaria (c. 1227-1273) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Elizabeth of Carinthia (1262-1312) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Frederick the Fair, Duke of Austria and King of Germany (1289-1330) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Joanna of Bavaria, Queen of Germany and Bohemia (c. 1362–1386) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Albert II of Germany (1397-1439) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Margraves, Dukes & Archdukes of Austria
Rudolf I of Habsburg, Duke of Austria and Styria, King of Bohemia, and titular King of Poland (1282-1307) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Frederick I the Fair, Duke of Austria and Styria, and King of Germany (1289-1330) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Leopold I of Habsburg, Duke of Austria and Styria (1290-1326) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Albert II of Habsburg, Duke of Austria (1298-1358) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Otto I of Habsburg, Duke of Austria (1301-1339) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Albert II, King of Germany and Archduke of Austria (1397-1439) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Dukes/Kings & Queens of Bavaria
Louis II, Duke of Bavaria (1229-1294) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria (1235-1290) => U5b* (mtDNA)
William II, Duke of Bavaria, Count of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut (1365–1417) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Albert II (1369-1397) => U5b* (mtDNA)
John III, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing, Count of Holland and Hainaut (1374/76-1425) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut (1417-1479) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Dukes/Kings & Queens of Bohemia
Boleslaus II the Pious (920-999) => H (mtDNA)
Henry VI of Carinthia (c. 1270–1335) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Rudolf I of Habsburg (1282-1307) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Joanna of Bavaria (c. 1362–1386) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Albert II of Germany (1397-1439) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Kings & Queens of France
Francis I (1494-1547) => U5b* (mtDNA)
Henry IV (1553-1610) => G2a3 (Y-DNA) U5b* (mtDNA)
Kings & Queens of Spain
Philip I of Castile, King of Castile and ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands => U5b* (mtDNA)
R1b in St Clair, Sinclair DNA; Charlemagne
http://stclairdna.blogspot.com.au/2012/07/r1b-in-st-clair-sinclair-dna.htmlUnknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-40435805666712191452012-10-27T04:56:00.002-07:002012-10-27T04:56:55.452-07:00The Tutankhamun DNA Project:The Tutankhamun DNA Project:
Tutankhamun belongs to the haplogroup R1b1a2, which more than 50% of all men in Western Europe belong to.
Y-DNA profile of Tutankhamun (I'm Genetic Distance -1) from Tutankhamun...
DYS393 DYS390 DYS19** DYS391 DYS385 DYS426 DYS388 DYS439 DYS389I DYS392 DYS389II***
13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 30 (I'm 29)
Tutankhamun
Y-DNA testing on some of the related male Mummies of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt revealed them to belong to R1b1a2. However the Y-chromosome of King Tut has never been published, and his DNA profile was reconstructed by Swiss scientists at Zurich-based DNA genealogy centre, iGENEA, based on some screencaps from a Discovery Channel documentary that may or may not belong to the Pharaoh.
Emperor Nicholas II (I'm Genetic Distance -2) from Nicholas II of Russia...
Nicholas II of Russia has been predicted as having an R1b haplotype.
Niall of the Nine Hostages (I'm Genetic Distance -2) from Niall of the Nine Hostages
Colla Uais (I'm Genetic Distance -2) from Colla Uais
U5a1c is mostly found in eastern Europe and Russia...Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-81160089975346041962012-10-12T05:59:00.001-07:002012-10-12T05:59:33.388-07:00DYS464X: 15c-15c-17c-17gDYS464X: 15c-15c-17c-17g
Germany >> France >> England >> Wales >> Scotland >> Ireland
Germany >> France >> Spain >> Ireland >> Wales >> Scotland >> England
R1b1
England
Scotland
United Kingdom
R1b1a2
Germany
England
Scotland
Ireland
United Kingdom
R1b1a2a1a1a
England
R1b1a2a1a1a3
Germany
R1b1a2a1a1b
Spain
England
Scotland
Ireland
United Kingdom
R1b1a2a1a1b3c
Germany
England
R1b1a2a1a1b4
Germany
France
United Kingdom
England
Wales
Scotland
Ireland
R1b1a2a1a1b4g
Scotland
Ireland
R1b1a2a1a1b4h
Ireland
R1b1a2a1a1b5a
France
England Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-86686013149942605182012-02-13T16:36:00.001-08:002012-02-13T16:38:56.412-08:00DYS464X=cccg - Anglo-Saxon Gene: Frisian, Saxon or Angle...DYS464X=cccg<br /><br />Anglo-Saxon Gene: Frisian, Saxon or Angle...<br /><br />The “oldest” Swiss/Dutch cluster of L257 (defined by U106*-like DYS464X=cccg) was found in the neighborhood of Aargau, northern Swiss. A peculiar Swiss tradition has it that Swiss was populated in the Migration Period by a considerable contigent of Frisians (Frisian, Saxon or Angle).<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtq_2WlmGbpoyMeMsCyjRzv4wEOAclr1buWf6hoIwfr5z2_pf41y4gIegvuhWMY-JhIpMN-whUsNRT5CxDGfLjOZTRtYFkIAQOwTmECmD5Q92GXCBt4J-bXnaXqjTlghwDs_3y8bVw1ehL/s1600/ydna_snp2.png"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 185px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtq_2WlmGbpoyMeMsCyjRzv4wEOAclr1buWf6hoIwfr5z2_pf41y4gIegvuhWMY-JhIpMN-whUsNRT5CxDGfLjOZTRtYFkIAQOwTmECmD5Q92GXCBt4J-bXnaXqjTlghwDs_3y8bVw1ehL/s320/ydna_snp2.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5701804767348765170" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSsQIhkZxxqDpyW7H-Wm92dteFMR6ucC2IVx_b8uwBNeXAAndZmN1X-fGiM1hc4bf2OoJ_kFgQKYCwwo9idoaQngiwnqzZd_irlcgFNhidqW6PewKrmuT7QMUovNfOH8Lno3ARnw82hQqn/s1600/ydna_snp.png"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 183px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSsQIhkZxxqDpyW7H-Wm92dteFMR6ucC2IVx_b8uwBNeXAAndZmN1X-fGiM1hc4bf2OoJ_kFgQKYCwwo9idoaQngiwnqzZd_irlcgFNhidqW6PewKrmuT7QMUovNfOH8Lno3ARnw82hQqn/s320/ydna_snp.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5701804604774345906" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-74673847307350276652012-01-25T21:13:00.000-08:002012-01-26T03:42:16.890-08:00Normans & Anglo-Saxons:<span style="font-weight:bold;">Normans & Anglo-Saxons:</span><br /><br />Our ancient family has come from Western Germany, branching out to the south into Switzerland & North-West into the Netherlands.<br /><br />We settled all over the British Isles; from there we made our way to the Eastern coastline of the United States.<br /><br />Y-DNA - Advanced Y-STR Markers:<br /><br />Y-STR DNA-FP Panel 5 Palindromic Pack<br /><br />Marker - DYS464X<br />Value: 15c-15c-17c-17g (cccg)<br /><br />Wales Cymru DNA Project - Results...<br />Byrnes DNA... Bran...<br />The Leinster Modal... (Monarchy of all Ireland about 200AD) King Conn - Cathair Mor King of Leinster...<br />Quilliam (FitzWilliam)... William Rufus...<br />Walden/Waldon/Waldron/Wallen/Walling Y-DNA Results... Anglo-Saxon, Essex, Yorkshire...<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtq_2WlmGbpoyMeMsCyjRzv4wEOAclr1buWf6hoIwfr5z2_pf41y4gIegvuhWMY-JhIpMN-whUsNRT5CxDGfLjOZTRtYFkIAQOwTmECmD5Q92GXCBt4J-bXnaXqjTlghwDs_3y8bVw1ehL/s1600/ydna_snp2.png"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 185px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtq_2WlmGbpoyMeMsCyjRzv4wEOAclr1buWf6hoIwfr5z2_pf41y4gIegvuhWMY-JhIpMN-whUsNRT5CxDGfLjOZTRtYFkIAQOwTmECmD5Q92GXCBt4J-bXnaXqjTlghwDs_3y8bVw1ehL/s320/ydna_snp2.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5701804767348765170" /></a><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSsQIhkZxxqDpyW7H-Wm92dteFMR6ucC2IVx_b8uwBNeXAAndZmN1X-fGiM1hc4bf2OoJ_kFgQKYCwwo9idoaQngiwnqzZd_irlcgFNhidqW6PewKrmuT7QMUovNfOH8Lno3ARnw82hQqn/s1600/ydna_snp.png"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 183px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSsQIhkZxxqDpyW7H-Wm92dteFMR6ucC2IVx_b8uwBNeXAAndZmN1X-fGiM1hc4bf2OoJ_kFgQKYCwwo9idoaQngiwnqzZd_irlcgFNhidqW6PewKrmuT7QMUovNfOH8Lno3ARnw82hQqn/s320/ydna_snp.png" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5701804604774345906" /></a><br /><br />One possibility is the Scottish cluster of L257 is reminiscent of the Roman-Frisian presence along the Hadrian Wall, as archeologically attested by Housesteads Ware finds. This pottery has a strong relationship to contemporary pottery found in the northern part of the Netherlands. Jobey (1979) published about its relationship to “Frisian pottery” in Frisia, Groningen and Zuid Holland. New finds in Noord Holland can be added: Schagen, Uitgeest, Assendelver Polders, possibly the island of Texel. It has been dated between the first and fourth century AD, sometimes identified by the name Tritsum pottery that is a subdivision of what in Dutch is known as “Streepband-aardewerk” (something like “stripe strip pottery”), that by this name has been found all over along the Dutch coastal areas. The “oldest” Swiss/Dutch cluster of L257 (defined by U106*-like DYS464X=cccg) was found in the neighborhood of Aargau, northern Swiss. A peculiar Swiss tradition has it that Swiss was populated in the Migration Period by a considerable contigent of Frisians:<br /><br />[...] in a chronicle written by one John Pfintiner of Uri, about 1414. In the Waldstetten the ethnographical legend of that chronicle<br />(which has perished) found, of course, ready credence and great favour. It was soon improved by Johann Friind, State Secretary of Schwyz, who composed an enlarged and embellished version of it. This official annalist gave most liberal details of the emigration of the Waldstetten people from Sweden and Frisia, and derives the name of Swiz, subsequently changed into Schwyz, from one of their leaders called Swyterus. (Buchheim 1871, p.xlvii)<br /><br />A third cluster is also present in the Netherlands (where we could expect a presumably Frisian SNP), while the fourth has an undefined distribution in England. The fifth cluster, however, is specifically linked to one surname, Waters, that originates in Shropshire, Mercian territory.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Austrasia:</span> eastern land; Merovingian - formed the northeastern portion of the Kingdom of the Merovingian Franks, comprising parts of the territory of present-day eastern France, western Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. <br /><br />Merovech... Salian Franks... Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor... House of Habsburg... House of Valois-Burgundy... Salland... Childeric I... Merovingian... Clovis...<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Kings & Queens of England or Great Britain:</span><br /><br />James I (1566-1625) => R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)<br />Charles I (1600-1649) => R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)<br />Charles II (1630-1685) => R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)<br />James II (1633-1701) => R1b-L21 (Y-DNA)<br />Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh => R1b (Y-DNA)<br />Charles, Prince of Wales => R1b (Y-DNA)<br />William, Prince of Wales => R1b (Y-DNA)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Kings & Queens of Denmark:</span><br /><br />All the Kings of Denmark since Christian I (reigned from 1448) belonged to haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)<br /><br />Christian I (1426-1481)<br />John (1455-1513)<br />Christian II (1481-1559)<br />Frederick I<br />Christian III <br />Frederick II<br />Christian IV <br />Frederick III<br />Christian V<br />Frederick IV<br />Christian VI<br />Frederick V<br />Christian VII<br />Frederick VI<br />Christian VIII<br />Frederick VII<br />Christian IX (1818-1906)<br />Frederick VIII (1843-1912) <br />Christian X (1870-1947)<br />Frederick IX (1899-1972)<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Kings of Norway</span><br /><br />Haakon VII (1872-1957) => R1b (Y-DNA)<br />Olav V (1903-1991) => R1b (Y-DNA)<br />Harald V (1937-) => R1b (Y-DNA)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Kings & Queens of Sweden</span><br /><br />Christian I (1426-1481) => R1b (Y-DNA)<br />John (1455-1513) => R1b (Y-DNA)<br />Christian II (1481-1559) => R1b (Y-DNA)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Tsars & Empress of Russia</span><br /><br />Romanov dynasty since Paul I => R1b (Y-DNA) :<br /><br />Paul I (1754-1801)<br />Alexander I (1777-1825)<br />Constantine I (1779-1831)<br />Nicholas I (1796-1855)<br />Alexander II (1818-1881)<br />Alexander III (1845-1894)<br />Nicholas II (1868-1918) <br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Kings & Queens of Greece</span><br /><br />George I (1845-1913) => R1b (Y-DNA)<br />Constantine I (1868-1923) => R1b (Y-DNA)<br />Alexander (1893-1920) => R1b (Y-DNA)<br />George II (1890-1947) => R1b (Y-DNA)<br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQo5is13o6Vh080edMhiMAcWdDcQVfsQZ3-1lnLohxcgTblk5QUidrSAnmxApCodKitO3sDj65l6ZSq3msrtugQ-_wQPevPDR5ZOv1WpJgPojY_lpH3GcQxY9JXm4o6Xy18YTF8LeAJCio/s1600/456px-Tsar_Nicholas_II_%2526_King_George_V.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 244px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQo5is13o6Vh080edMhiMAcWdDcQVfsQZ3-1lnLohxcgTblk5QUidrSAnmxApCodKitO3sDj65l6ZSq3msrtugQ-_wQPevPDR5ZOv1WpJgPojY_lpH3GcQxY9JXm4o6Xy18YTF8LeAJCio/s320/456px-Tsar_Nicholas_II_%2526_King_George_V.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5701894980801238274" /></a><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">2 Steps from Exact: DYS391 & DYS439</span><br /><br />DYS393 DYS390 DYS19** DYS391 DYS385 DYS426 DYS388 DYS439 DYS389I DYS392 DYS389II***<br /><br />13 24 14 11 11-14 12 12 12 13 13 29<br /><br />13 24 14 <span style="font-weight:bold;">10</span> 11-14 <span style="font-weight:bold;">11</span> 13 13 29<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Pharaoh Tutankhamun, Akhenaten and Amenhotep III were R1b:</span><br /><br />The Egyptians have tested autosomal and Y-DNA markers of three Pharaohs of the 18th dynasty : Amenhotep III, his son Akhenaten and grandson Tutankhamun.<br /><br />Mark of man - Cro-Magnon DNA - Freemasonry from Pharaohs to Frankish / NormansUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-65933472217143643862011-06-01T04:56:00.000-07:002011-06-01T04:57:10.140-07:00Design businesshttp://www.racitidesigns.com/Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-66442769635079452312011-06-01T03:47:00.000-07:002011-06-01T03:48:43.913-07:00Norman origin - pre-Saxon Celtic connection... Frankish?My DYS464 = 15 15 17 17 - indicates a common Norman origin - it also goes back to a pre-Saxon Celtic connection...Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-41497061826423774732010-06-12T20:28:00.001-07:002010-06-12T20:28:18.485-07:00My Norman Y-DNA Matches in Europe:My Norman Y-DNA Matches in Europe: <br /><br />Exact Matches: <br /><br />Cambro-Norman - Wales: 5.3%<br />Scoto-Norman - Scotland: 4.5%<br />Anglo-Norman - United Kingdom: 4.0%<br />Normandy - France: 4.0%<br />Italo-Norman - Italy: 1.6%<br /><br />One Step Mutations: <br /><br />Cambro-Norman - Wales: 15.9%<br />Hiberno-Norman - Ireland: 13.4%<br />Normandy - France: 13.1%<br />Hiberno-Norman -Northern Ireland: 12.4%<br />Portugal: 12.4%Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-54460924887024820622009-12-08T17:59:00.001-08:002009-12-08T18:03:02.932-08:00Insular Celts, Gaulish Celts & Kiukainen Culture.Sicilians with Celtic & Finnish genes. Post 11th Century on the island of Sicily. <br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv9424qSZ9Kja4CEyPzGcdziV2E3A0-8398cTGO1kEhptr-J3ITAI_aFrEh-9BvEEFgjxnQKMz88PrOq7TtChESM8GNXzmL1R6iOODoJuV4-38NXbBifPCC88VLzBU2CgL5JbbNSJb6Xta/s1600-h/peoples.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 267px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv9424qSZ9Kja4CEyPzGcdziV2E3A0-8398cTGO1kEhptr-J3ITAI_aFrEh-9BvEEFgjxnQKMz88PrOq7TtChESM8GNXzmL1R6iOODoJuV4-38NXbBifPCC88VLzBU2CgL5JbbNSJb6Xta/s320/peoples.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5413050279852224210" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5977655235064803459.post-20782730173375657882009-08-22T05:08:00.001-07:002009-08-22T05:08:55.940-07:00Ancient German & Ancient Basque - DNAAncient Basque DNA<br /><br />Late Antiquity Basque DNA (1,400 years old)<br /><br />Y-DNA<br /><br />23 haplogroup R1b<br /><br />Ancient German DNA<br /><br />Lichtenstein Cave Bronze-Age Family (3,000 years old, Lower Saxony) :<br /><br />Y-DNA<br /><br />1 haplogroup R1bUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0